Derechos de autor 2026 Documentos de trabajo ECISA
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ENTRENAMIENTO FÍSICO EN PERSONAS CON EPOC: EVIDENCIA RECIENTE YEFECTOS CLÍNICOS RELEVANTES
Introducción. La Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) continúa siendo una de las principales causas de deterioro funcional y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Ante esta situación, el entrenamiento físico se plantea como una intervención capaz de modular la evolución clínica y mejorar el estado funcional de las personas afectadas. Objetivo. Sintetizar la evidencia reciente sobre los efectos del entrenamiento físico en adultos con diagnóstico de EPOC, integrando hallazgos fisiológicos, morfofuncionales, psicosociales y clínicos provenientes de diferentes contextos geográficos. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de estudios recientes que abordan la relación entre el entrenamiento físico y los desenlaces clínicos en personas con EPOC. El análisis comparó diversas modalidades de ejercicio según los componentes del modelo FITT (Frecuencia, Intensidad, Tiempo y Tipo). Resultados. La evidencia indica que la práctica regular y controlada de actividad física se asocia con una reducción en la incidencia de eventos adversos, hospitalizaciones y mortalidad. Los programas estructurados de ejercicio mejoran de forma aguda la eficiencia ventilatoria, la tolerancia al esfuerzo, la calidad de vida y la estabilidad clínica. Se reportan diferencias en la eficacia de las distintas modalidades de entrenamiento —aeróbico, de fuerza, combinado y terapias mente-cuerpo— según la dosificación y supervisión del programa. Conclusiones. El entrenamiento físico constituye un componente esencial en el abordaje integral de la EPOC y debe ser incorporado en las estrategias de manejo y políticas de salud pública. Persisten vacíos en la investigación, especialmente respecto a la personalización del entrenamiento, el uso de tecnologías de monitoreo y la evaluación longitudinal de sus efectos en poblaciones latinoamericanas.
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