The role of social networks in the university learning process: a study in students of the Bachelor's Degree in Marketing
The objective of this research was to analyze the use of social media in the learning process of students in the Bachelor’s Degree in Marketing at a public university in Tabasco. A quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design was applied to a sample of 67 students. The adapted questionnaire showed adequate reliability (α = .880). Results from the t-test indicated significant differences between men and women in academic communication and teamwork collaboration, with men reporting greater use. Likewise, Pearson’s correlation revealed a negative relationship between academic communication and academic performance, a finding that highlights the importance of reflecting on the impact of these tools on student achievement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Documentos de Trabajo ECBTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Arquitectura Modular de Ciberseguridad Basada en Software Libre
This document presents the proposed design of a prototype logical infrastructure for the . operation of CSIRT-UNAD, based on the evaluation and selection of open-source tools. The proposal articulates a modular ecosystem that integrates Wazuh (correlation and monitoring), Suricata (network intrusion detection), ELK Stack (log storage and visualization), TheHive and Cortex (incident management and automation), and MISP (threat intelligence). The model covers the entire incident management cycle and aligns with frameworks such as NIST, ENISA, and SIM3 v2, as well as national policies (CONPES 3995) and UNAD’s Institutional Development Plan. The results demonstrate technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness, as well as its value for applied research, academic outreach, and interinstitutional cooperation, positioning CSIRT-UNAD as a sustainable university benchmark.
Implementation of a management model based on the combination of scrum and waterfall for process optimization in enhanced oil recovery projects managed by Ecopetrol in the meta department in accordance with the sustainable development goals (SDGS)
The aim of this thesis was to improve and optimize the management of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects in the oil industry within the Meta department, Colombia. In mature hydrocarbon fields, EOR techniques are applied to increase hydrocarbon extraction. However, these techniques also increase project complexity due to their prolonged duration, high costs, and technical uncertainty. Historically, these projects have been managed using traditional or predictive methodologies, such as the Waterfall method. While Waterfall offers rigorous control, it often proves inflexible in the face of inherent industry changes and the dynamic operational environment (Autor, 2025). This inflexibility can lead to additional expenses, delays, and a restricted capacity to handle unexpected situations, directly affecting the operational effectiveness and financial success of the company. Furthermore, there is a global and local need to align industrial activities with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which requires leadership that is not only effective but also socially and environmentally conscious. The primary objective of this research was to implement a hybrid management model, combining the agile Scrum methodology with the traditional Waterfall structure. This aimed to optimize processes in Ecopetrol's EOR projects in Meta, while simultaneously integrating the SDGs. The underlying hypothesis was that a hybrid approach could leverage the strengths of both methodologies: the predictability and control of Waterfall for initial planning and design phases, and the flexibility and adaptability of Scrum for execution, monitoring, and rapid response to uncertainty (Autor, 2025). This combination sought not only to improve efficiency and responsiveness but also to ensure that projects actively contributed to specific SDGs, such as Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7), Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12). The methodology used was a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative elements, with an action-research design. This proved to be ideal for implementing and evaluating models in a real-world setting. The research began with a detailed diagnosis of the current situation in Ecopetrol's EOR project management. This involved identifying weaknesses in existing approaches through document review, interviews with stakeholders, and an analysis of historical data (Autor, 2025). This analysis formed the basis for designing the hybrid model, called MH-GAEP. The MH-GAEP model was structured to apply the Waterfall approach in high-definition stages, such as conceptualization and basic engineering, before transitioning to execution phases managed under iterative Scrum cycles. One of the innovative features of the MH-GAEP model was the explicit inclusion of "sustainability criteria" in sprint planning, as well as the assignment of roles for "ESG validation" (Environmental, Social, and Governance) and "SDG integration planning." These mechanisms ensured that environmental, social, and governance considerations were integrated into each project iteration, rather than being added as afterthoughts (Autor, 2025). The initial results of this initiative have been promising. Substantial improvements were observed in operational efficiency and in the speed of response to project challenges. Collaboration among different teams also saw a positive boost, facilitating problem-solving and decision-making. Furthermore, the project integrated key sustainability principles from its earliest stages. This ensured that operations not only met business objectives but also actively contributed to the company's environmental and social commitments. This new management model has demonstrated its validity and is beginning to be replicated in other areas of Ecopetrol. This includes sectors such as infrastructure, renewable energy, and environmental management, underscoring its potential to drive transformation within the company. It is expected that this methodology will contribute to a more efficient and responsible future for Ecopetrol. This work validates the effectiveness of an innovative management methodology designed to address complexities in resource recovery projects. It proposes a system that not only enhances productivity through its flexible and adaptable design but also lays the groundwork for a more environmentally and socially conscious operation in the hydrocarbon sector.
Extended Reality in Higher Education: UNAD’s VIROO Laboratory as a Case Study
Extended Reality (XR) has emerged as a key field of innovation in higher education, enabling immersive experiences that strengthen teaching, research, and knowledge appropriation. This working paper presents a preliminary analysis of the implementation of XR technologies in universities, focusing on the VIROO laboratory at UNAD as a case study. The methodology included a documentary review of international experiences in the use of XR in education (architecture, medicine, engineering) and the analysis of institutional documentation on the VIROO laboratory. The results show that VIROO, developed by Virtualware and distributed in Colombia by Virtual4, combines a multi-user immersive room equipped with NMERSO® technology for precise tracking, specialized hardware (Pico Neo 3 headsets, HP Z1 workstations, control servers), and a SaaS platform that facilitates the creation, management, and deployment of multi-user VR experiences. Its pedagogical value lies in enabling real-time collaborative practices, full-scale simulations, and remote learning experiences through VIROO Players and Portal. Beyond its contribution to teaching, the VIROO laboratory is projected as a strategic space for applied research and university extension, opening opportunities to articulate innovation initiatives with companies, communities, and international organizations. However, challenges were identified related to infrastructure (lighting conditions, high-capacity WiFi, ceiling and flooring adjustments), as well as institutional sustainability and faculty training. In conclusion, VIROO represents a milestone for UNAD, positioning the university as a pioneer in Colombia in the use of XR for distance education. Nevertheless, it requires a pedagogical integration strategy and institutional cooperation (GAIA, Virtual4, Virtualware) to ensure its full potential.
Multimedia Engineering; Sound Design; Education
Sound Design for Video Games: Interactive Audio and Player Experience
Sound design in video games has emerged as an interdisciplinary field that combines creativity, technology, and psychology to enhance player experience. Unlike linear media, where audio is predictable and sequential, video game sound must dynamically adapt to player actions, decisions, and contextual changes. This working paper presents a preliminary analysis of the role of interactive audio in building immersion, feedback, and emotion within gaming environments, based on a literature review and an applied case study using the FMOD middleware integrated into Unity. Findings from specialized literature show that adaptive music, capable of responding to environmental shifts and the emotional state of the player, significantly increases immersion and connection with the virtual world (Hutchings & McCormack, 2019). Likewise, recent studies indicate that sound effects play a central role in shaping game atmosphere, often perceived as more critical than music in reinforcing narrative and sensory coherence (Andersen et al., 2021). From a social perspective, sound design also contributes to inclusivity and accessibility, offering additional cues to players with diverse abilities and fostering more equitable experiences (Guillén et al., 2021). Moreover, research on serious games demonstrates that sound not only improves immersion but also enhances motivation, cognition, and knowledge acquisition (Cao et al., 2025). This aligns with studies highlighting the value of audio as an informative channel, providing orientation through alerts, directional cues, and immediate feedback (Ng & Nesbitt, 2013). Finally, the applied case using FMOD and Unity confirms the technical feasibility of implementing dynamic audio in both educational and entertainment projects, showing that sound design is a fundamental axis of interactivity in contemporary video games.
sound design; video games; interactive audio; immersion; accessibility; player experience.
Development of a brand manual for the unadista cosmetic company 'butterfly revolution biocosmetic'
The project focused on the creation of a comprehensive and detailed brand manual for the UNADISTA cosmetic company "Butterfly Revolution Biocosmetic." This foundational document was designed with the purpose of establishing a clear and precise guide that ensures the consistency and coherence of the brand's visual identity across all its future platforms and applications. The need for a brand manual arises from the importance of standardizing communication to build a strong and professional image for the public. The manual not only specifies the basic elements but also goes into detail on each one. Firstly, it outlines the correct and incorrect usage of the logo, including its construction, positive, negative, and one- color versions, and the necessary clear space to guarantee its legibility. Permitted applications were defined and restrictions were established to protect the design's integrity. Secondly, the brand's color palette was determined, specifying the primary and secondary colors with their respective codes (CMYK, RGB, and HEX) to ensure color fidelity across different print and digital media. This palette was carefully selected to evoke the company's values, such as naturalness and innovation. Finally, the manual establishes the corporate typefaces for both headlines and body text, ensuring uniformity and a consistent tone of voice in all written communication. This document is an indispensable tool that will serve as a pillar for the marketing team, designers, and any collaborator who works with the brand. By following these guidelines, "Butterfly Revolution Biocosmetic" is guaranteed to present itself in a unified, professional, and recognizable manner in the competitive cosmetics market.
Evaluating the impact of ChatGPT as an accounting assistant for entrepreneurs: an exploratory study
Accounting remains a critical challenge for entrepreneurs who lack access to professional advisory services. This qualitative and documentary study explores the potential of ChatGPT as an accounting assistant in emerging ventures. Through a review of recent literature, the analysis highlights practical applications of the tool in tasks such as preparing basic financial reports, recording transactions, and reconciling data. Findings indicate that, within entrepreneurial contexts, ChatGPT can substantially reduce the time devoted to repetitive tasks -and help minimize common errors in information processing. Nevertheless, relevant limitations were identified, including variations in accuracy, risks related to the handling of sensitive data, and the inability to replace the professional judgment of an accountant. Overall, the study suggests that ChatGPT represents a valuable support tool when implemented with human supervision and responsible use.
Evolution of contributions from the company Industrias Charricos in the city of Villahermosa under the tax incorporation regime and simplified trust regime as a solution to tax evasion
This study analyzes the evolution of tax contributions of the company Industrias Charricos in Villahermosa, Tabasco, focusing on the impact of two tax regimes: the Fiscal Incorporation Regime (RIF) and the Simplified Confidence Regime (RESICO). These schemes were designed by the Mexican tax system to combat tax evasion and facilitate the incorporation of micro and small businesses into the formal economy. Through a mixed analysis that includes financial data, interviews with business representatives and tax experts, and documentary review, the effectiveness of both policies in promoting tax compliance is evaluated. The results show that, while the RIF offered gradual incentives for formalization, the RESICO significantly simplified tax obligations, increasing tax collection and reducing administrative barriers. However, technological adaptation and lack of training represent important challenges. This study contributes to the discussion on effective tax strategies to promote economic formality and ensure greater tax justice in local contexts.
las contribuciones fiscales de la empresa
The evaluation in mathematics from a constructivist perspective and competency based education: reflection on university education in Colombia
The purpose of this article is to conduct a bibliographic review on mathematics assessment in the context of higher education in Colombia. It is carried out based on the worldviews of constructivist approaches and competency-based training, as frameworks that guide contemporary teaching, learning, and assessment practices. It identifies advances, challenges in assessment practices, and their impact on university education. This is done with the support of a critical examination of academic literature and classical theory. To do so, it is necessary to start with the recognition that assessment, beyond being a grading mechanism, constitutes a fundamental pedagogical process for the comprehensive development of competencies. The methodology underlying the review is documentary analysis, exploring the literature on Colombian higher education. It also addresses aspects such as the relevance of learning assessment instruments, the relationship between theory and practice, the role of feedback in knowledge construction, and the curricular gaps that reinforce traditional education and impede competency-based training, while perpetuating traditional assessment models focused on memorization and standardized testing. This review concludes by highlighting the need to strengthen an assessment culture consistent with mathematical constructivism, competency-based learning for the development of different types of contextualized thinking through mathematical modeling in students' professional lives, and formative assessment as a promoter of student reflection and participation in their learning process. This contribution seeks to generate academic debate and pave the way for more contextualized, comprehensive, critical, and transformative assessment practices in the teaching of mathematics in higher education in the country.
Design of a solid waste classification and utilization station applying the Adjusted General Methodology (AMM) for good practices in the district of Turbo.
Aiming at sustainable development objectives, the solid waste sorting and recovery stations (ECA) are a key element in the strategy to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills. In this process, environmental reclaimers play an essential role, as they are direct actors in the separation, classification, and reincorporation of materials into the productive chain. Recognizing this contribution, the national government has promoted and adopted various regulations aimed at dignifying their work, guaranteeing their inclusion in formal waste management systems, and improving their working conditions. The objective of this project is to carry out a pre-feasibility study for the installation of a solid waste Classification and Utilization Station (ECA) in the district of Turbo, Antioquia. For this purpose, adescriptive research with a qualitative and quantitative approach was developed, through which the necessary requirements to guarantee the adequate operation of the project were identified and analyzed. As a result of the market analysis and the technical study, it was concluded that the project is feasible, since it generates a significant impact in both the social and environmental areas. In the social aspect, a marked difference was identified between the purchase price and the sale price of recyclable materials, which shows economic opportunities currently taken advantage of by small companies (scrap metal dealers) that intermediate the trade of these wastes. In the environmental component, the reduction in the volume of solid waste going to the landfill stands out, which contributes to a more sustainable management. In addition, the financial evaluation supports the viability of the project by showing a favorable internal rate of return (IRR), which represents an attractive value for the investment. After carrying out the prefeasibility study and analyzing the different components evaluated, it is concluded that the project is economically viable. This viability is based on the profitability derived from the purchase and sale of recyclable materials, as well as on its environmental sustainability, by contributing to the reduction of waste and its efficient use.
Evaluation of the road safety culture and its impact on the operational performance of Transcastañeda
The road safety culture at TRANSCASTAÑEDA S.A.S., a special transport company certified under ISO 39001, has shown significant progress, evidenced by the absence of accidents in the last two years. However, areas such as continuous training, internal communication, and awareness of risky practices, particularly the use of cell phones while driving, need to be strengthened. In this context, this paper evaluates the impact of this culture on the company’s operational performance, aiming to identify improvement opportunities that optimize processes and reinforce sustainability. The research was conducted through surveys, interviews, and data analysis, with a sample of 21 employees out of a total population of 23. Key indicators such as accident rate, downtime, and transport-related costs were measured. The results reveal a significant reduction in these indicators, as well as a positive perception of the service, supported by data from the Alejandría platform. This diagnosis not only evaluates the effectiveness of the policies implemented but also proposes replicable strategies that can be adopted by other organizations in the transport sector.
Programming language trends: a review of job market and systematic review
This study investigates the most recent trends in programming languages ​​and databases, a constantly evolving field. The research was carried out through a mixed methodological approach, in which, first, a systematic review of recent academic literature was carried out, which allowed establishing a theoretical basis to understand technological innovations in software development. On the other hand, web scraping techniques were used to extract and analyze a wide set of job offers published on digital platforms in Colombia. The main objective of this dual approach was to identify which languages, frameworks, and technologies are most in-demand in the current job market. The results yielded significant findings, indicating a high prevalence of languages such as Python and JavaScript, as well as Java, each with a predominant role in different development domains. In databases, a strong demand for both SQL and NoSQL technologies was observed, highlighting their complementarity in real-world applications. The study also confirmed the relevance of key frameworks and libraries like React, Angular, and Spring. These findings provide practical recommendations for educational institutions, allowing them to align their Software Development curricula with the real needs of the industry. The ultimate goal is to ensure that future professionals acquire the most relevant technical skills, thereby enhancing their employability and competitiveness in the labor market.
Design of a conveyor belt system for the food industry
In the food packaging industry, characterized by high competitiveness and constant dynamism, resource optimization and quality assurance largely depend on the accuracy and efficiency of production processes. In this context, the proposal presented seeks to address a significant challenge in the sector: the automation of the classification system within an existing production line. At present, the factory relies heavily on manual classification, which has resulted in delays, bottlenecks, and an error rate that negatively affects overall productivity. The initiative is conceived as a comprehensive solution that integrates the principles of industrial automation, process control, and programmable logic controller (PLC) programming, complemented by a human-machine interface (HMI) for monitoring and control. Its main objective is to design and implement an automatic system capable of identifying and redirecting five product categories (A, B, C, D, and E) toward their respective packaging lines with high levels of accuracy and efficiency.
Analysis and development of the ipv6 protocol in the data network of the Cesar Regional Ombudsman's Office
The following presents the results of the research conducted on the migration to IPv6 at the Ombudsman’s Office – Cesar Regional Office, based on Phases I and II of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies’ “IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Guide for Colombia.” This initiative is driven by the depletion of IPv4 address space, as declared by the Regional Internet Registries (RIR), the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC), and the Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC), among others. Such scarcity compels organizations to adopt IPv6 to maintain operational continuity and to avoid issues such as the exhaustion of addresses for new devices, incompatibility with native IPv6 applications and services, security vulnerabilities linked to policy limitations, increased administrative complexity, and other constraints that hinder organizational growth. Accordingly, during Phase I, the readiness level of the institution for IPv6 migration was assessed. A diagnostic plan was executed to determine hardware and software compatibility rates, thereby identifying which devices and services required replacement and/or upgrades prior to initiating the migration process. In Phase II, IPv6 addressing was enabled for all hardware and software components in accordance with the Phase I diagnostic plan. Additionally, IPv6-based services were configured—including DNS, DHCP, Security, VPN, and Web services, among others—to validate their functionality and operational performance. Furthermore, coordination with the Internet Service Provider (ISP) is required to establish IPv6 routing and ensure comprehensive external IPv6 connectivity.
Innovation for digital audio broadcasting: an interactive tool for monitoring coverage of this new technology in Colombia
Over the last few years, digital audio broadcasting has been expanding worldwide, highlighting the need to migrate to this technology in countries that still use analog broadcasting. In Colombia, both the Ministry of Information and Communications Technologies and the Communications Regulation Commission (CRC) have expressed the need to standardize and expand digital audio broadcasting to modernize the sector and improve the quality of transmissions, as it is currently the only one. In this context, the National Open and Distance University (UNAD) has carried out preliminary studies through a research project funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. These studies include detailed simulations using licensed software to collect data from key geographic coordinates. The resulting data from these simulations, which were initially in KMZ format, presented a challenge due to their unstructured nature and their location on a licensed software's server. This project addresses this issue by creating a web application that collects and displays this data graphically and interactively. The proposed solution is a software prototype that consists of a dashboard developed with Power BI and a complementary web application. The Power BI dashboard allows for detailed visualization and global analysis of the coverage data, while the web application is responsible for efficiently managing, storing, and making these dashboards public. This article showcases the design, implementation, and testing of this software prototype, demonstrating its viability to transform raw data into useful and accessible information. The successful implementation of this system validates a methodology for handling large volumes of geographic data and demonstrates a tangible contribution to the future implementation of these types of technologies in Colombia.
Designing interactive maps as a tool for observatories
This article presents the design of interactive maps as a tool for observatories, based on the experience developed within the Boyacá Cultural Observatory and the Interactive Center for History, Heritage and Culture (CIHPC). The proposal is grounded in the use of open technologies such as Leaflet.js, GeoJSON, and OpenStreetMap, which enable the construction of rapid, sustainable, and replicable prototypes. The methodology was structured in four phases: tool selection, data preparation, prototype design, and validation. The results highlight the representation of 123 municipalities, the integration of dynamic filters, and functionality in low-connectivity environments. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the usefulness of interactive maps for cultural planning, heritage education, and the social appropriation of knowledge. It is concluded that the open approach strengthens transparency and participation and projects its integration with international indicators such as those proposed by UNESCO in the Culture|2030 framework.
Formulation of a proposal for socioeconomic strengthening through a strategic project management plan: case study of the ethnic sena in the municipality of Pueblo Rico, Risaralda
This paper analyzes the evolution of the training processes in young people and adults in the Department of Risaralda, in response to socioeconomic dynamics and the needs of the productive sector. This transformation has been driven by government programs that seek to improve employability, entrepreneurship, and labor inclusion, especially for those who have not had access to prior training. In this context, SENA Risaralda has implemented strategies to develop technical, technological and occupational skills adapted to the characteristics of local communities, in coordination with entities such as the Ministry of the Interior, CARDER and the Government of Risaralda. One of the most outstanding initiatives is the creation of the first Ethnic SENA in the country, projected for the township of Santa Cecilia in Pueblo Rico, with the aim of serving ethnic groups that face high levels of multidimensional poverty. The results of the analysis reveal that this territorial and differential approach represents a key opportunity to transform the social and cultural conditions of ethnic communities, promoting the full exercise of their rights and their integral development. However, significant challenges remain, such as the need to overcome structural barriers in access to education, strengthen the link between training and employment, and ensure the sustainability of programs through inclusive policies and community participation. It is concluded that contextualized technical education can be a powerful tool for social change, and it is recommended to expand the coverage of inclusive programs, consolidate inter-institutional alliances and establish monitoring mechanisms that ensure a positive impact on the most vulnerable territories.
Methodological proposal for the application of a Scrum framework in the development of a project management system in an environmental services SME in the municipality of Tunja
The current problem in the execution of projects in Colombia, to a large extent, is the way in which its Management Systems work, the conventional or waterfall approaches, which are predominantly used in many MSMEs, are characterized by following a linear and sequential process, where each phase of the project is completed before moving on to the next. The purpose of this work was to apply an agile methodology, through the SCRUM framework, as an effective and efficient alternative, in the execution of management systems for environmental services MSMEs and in this way Highlight the relevance of selecting the SCRUM work approach to improve efficiency and excellence in the execution of companies, while demonstrating the benefits of its use; all this, through the proposal to implement the methodology in an environmental services MSME. The methodology that was adopted, in an MSME of environmental projects, consisted of defining the variables to be analyzed and with this a prospective-strategic design with a bimodal-mixed approach was applied in an analytical study with comparative experimental intervention. The results obtained were focused on verifying the efficiency and effectiveness of the implementation of a SCRUM methodology in the environmental services company. Under this premise, it was determined that conventional practices or waterfall methods used by companies still have their usefulness, but it is important to recognize that they present limitations when evaluating the quality and Product ivity of a project. However, it has been shown that it is viable to successfully implement an agile methodology in MSME companies that offer environmental services
Performance evaluation of occasional teachers at the National Open and Distance University of CEAD Palmira: an analysis in the context of teleworking
This paper analyzes the impact of teleworking on teaching performance at the National Open and Distance University (UNAD) – CEAD Palmira, in the context of the global crisis caused by the COVID[1]19 pandemic. This phenomenon has led educational institutions to rapidly adapt to new teaching modalities, highlighting the need to reevaluate teachers' working conditions and their effect on the quality of learning. The results reveal that, although teleworking offers flexibility, it also presents significant challenges that affect mental health and teaching performance. Statistics show that the majority of respondents perceive their performance as low in several dimensions, which contrasts with previous research that highlights pedagogical competencies in virtual environments. Furthermore, it is emphasized that factors such as occupational health and safety are essential to optimize teaching performance. The conclusions indicate that it is crucial to implement a performance-oriented management system that considers the balance between work, personal life, and training. The development of technological tools and ongoing training, as well as clear policies on teleworking, are recommended to improve educational quality and teacher well-being, which will also benefit students in their learning experience in the distance learning model.
Risk factors associated with motorcycle repair in three workshops in the city of Ibagué
This paper analyzes the risk factors to which motorcycle repair workshop workers in Ibagué, Tolima, are exposed. Most of these activities are performed informally and lack minimum occupational health and safety (OHS) standards. The diagnosis conducted in three selected workshops identified the main risks: mechanical, electrical, biomechanical, chemical, psychosocial, biological, and public safety. These factors may lead to occupational accidents, musculoskeletal injuries, respiratory or skin diseases, work-related stress, and even urban violence situations. The methodology was based on direct observation of activities, data collection through worker interviews, and the application of the Colombian Technical Guide GTC 45 (ICONTEC, 2012), which provides guidelines for hazard identification and risk assessment. The results show that the absence of preventive measures, lack of OHS training, and labor informality increase workers’ exposure to risks that could be mitigated with prevention strategies and a culture of self-care. This study contributes to the discussion on the need to formalize economic activities such as motorcycle repair, which significantly impact urban employment but operate under precarious conditions. It also highlights the importance of articulating actions between academia, local government, and workers to foster safe work environments, in accordance with Colombian regulations (Decree 1072 of 2015; Resolution 0312 of 2019) and the guidelines of the International Labour Organization (ILO, 2015).
A visual encounter between mathematics and design
This study presents an interdisciplinary experience that links industrial design and mathematics through the 3D printing of pieces developed by Segerman, H. (2016) in his project Visualizing Mathematics with 3D Printing. The main objective was to facilitate the understanding of abstract mathematical concepts, such as stereographic and parallel projection, through a visual setup in which the pieces, under low-light conditions, projected shadows that revealed these principles. The activity was carried out at CIP Dosquebradas and involved 47 participants, including students, professors, administrative staff, and the public. The evaluation results show a high level of satisfaction and highlight the value of integrating visual and technological resources in the teaching of mathematics, enhancing the recognition of these concepts through different dynamics and positioning Industrial Design as a key didactic strategy in terms of interaction.
Robotic cart for monitoring pressure tests and gas measurements in confined spaces
This paper presents the design, development, and implementation of a remotely controlled robotic cart conceived as a technological solution to supervise pressure tests and perform gas measurements in confined spaces at Maxim Fishing S.A.S., located in Neiva, Huila. The central problem addressed is the lack of efficient and safe methods for real-time monitoring of atmospheric and pressure conditions in high-risk areas, which increases the probability of occupational accidents and infrastructure damage. The developed prototype integrates a robust mechanical and electronic system with specialized sensors (MQ-2, MQ-135, among others), an Arduino and ESP32-based controller, NRF24L01 wireless communication modules, and a telemetry interface. A quantitative methodology with an experimental approach was applied, including requirements analysis, conceptual design, prototyping, testing in simulated and real environments, and performance optimization. Results demonstrated the robot’s ability to detect flammable and toxic gases, transmit pressure and gas data in real-time, and significantly reduce human exposure to hazardous environments. The implementation of this system strengthens occupational safety, optimizes industrial processes, and aligns operations with international safety standards and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). In conclusion, the robotic cart represents an innovative, feasible, and replicable alternative for the hydrocarbon industry and other sectors requiring safe supervision in confined spaces.
Cocoa bean classification system using artificial intelligence and electronic sensory analysis
The quality of cocoa beans is a determining factor in the food industry, as it directly influences organoleptic attributes such as flavor, aroma, and texture of derived products. Traditionally, the evaluation of cocoa quality has relied on manual and subjective processes, dependent on the expertise of tasters, which often leads to significant variations in results and limits efficiency along the value chain. To address this challenge, the present work proposes an intelligent system for evaluating cocoa bean quality based on artificial intelligence algorithms, aiming to ensure greater objectivity, accuracy, and scalability in the classification process. The system is structured into four main phases: (1) collection of dry and roasted cocoa samples, (2) data acquisition through sensors that capture relevant physical and chemical attributes, (3) training and classification of machine learning models in MATLAB).
Heutagogical model with Ai support for initial guidance in electronic engineering
This paper proposes the design and implementation of an intelligent assistant aimed at preventing the risk of dropout in the first–enrollment course Introduction to Electronic Engineering at UNAD. The proposal is based on the Heutagogical Unadista Solidary Model 5.0, recognizing the importance of supporting students during their initial experiences in higher education. The artificial intelligence system analyzes academic and socio-emotional variables, such as platform access, assignment submission, forum participation, and self-efficacy expressions, in order to generate an early risk index. Based on these results, the tool provides personalized interventions that include virtual tutoring, reinforcement micro-contents, automated reminders, and empathetic messages. In this way, the initiative seeks to strengthen students’ autonomy, motivation, and retention, while also supporting teachers in managing early alerts and timely decisions. This project represents an innovative experience that integrates AI algorithms into the learning process, with academic and social impact in reducing dropout and consolidating autonomous, critical, and solidary learning.
Modular prototype for monitoring environmental contaminants with IoT
Human activities take place in different environments which have been industrially manipulated to meet the specific needs of people. Unfortunately, these actions have brought about pollution damage to the environment. Nowadays, it is known that the interest in determining the causes of environmental problems is a priority issue for the scientific and governmental community, and this is how technological developments are strongly positioned to analyze environmental variables and activate collective awareness for the protection of the planet. This proposal seeks to design a modular prototype that analyzes the conditions of environmental variables in water and air, aimed at determining the pollution status of these elements. The prototype will collect information through the exchange of sensors that will alternate in a modular manner within the equipment according to the specific need; each sensor in the system is configured to respond to a specific component, thus the number of sensors will equal the number of variables to be monitored. The implementation of wireless sensors allows the information to be obtained easily and accurately, and in the same way, processed to obtain reliable results that lead to decision-making in certain circumstances. Finally, through IoT technology, the data collected can be analyzed and visualized both quantitatively and qualitatively. Determining the level of pollution in the environment in which a person operates constitutes the first step in generating change actions in favor of environmental preservation.
Steam as a teaching strategy for strengthening research skills in first-year students at UNAD
University life at UNAD poses a significant challenge for first-year students, who must adapt to the pedagogical model, characterized by autonomy, independent learning, and research as a cross-cutting theme. In this context, he CIPAS (Communities of Academic and Social Interaction and Participation) of the courses Introduction to Electronic Engineering and Logical and Mathematical Thinking courses are projected as strategic settings not only for the acquisition of basic content but also for the development of initial research skills that are essential for academic success and student retention. This document presents a pedagogical proposal that seeks to consolidate CIPAS (Centers for Research in Electronic Engineering) as spaces for formative research by integrating the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) approach. Unlike other work carried out at the university, this proposal does not focus on research incubators or advanced courses, but rather on the initial training spaces, where students face greater adaptation challenges and require close support. The proposal is based on a qualitative, descriptive, and proactive approach, based on three pillars: a theoretical review of research competencies and STEAM, a projected analysis of CIPAS as research settings, and a pedagogical reflection based on teaching practice in hybrid environments. The value of the proposal lies in considering CIPAS as hybrid formative research laboratories that transcend their academic support function and become spaces for exploration, creativity, and interdisciplinarity. Although it has not yet been implemented, its development is expected to strengthen students' motivation for research, foster their retention at the university, and contribute to the development of critical, autonomous, and creative professionals, fully consistent with the UNAD pedagogical model.
Design of the project management office (PMO) for the municipality of Pajarito - Boyacá
In recent years, institutions responsible for overseeing the use of public resources have identified numerous projects in critical condition and potential risks that compromise public funds. This situation is more frequently observed in fifth- and sixth-category territorial entities, which generally have low fiscal and administrative capacity. Such is the case of Pajarito, in the department of Boyacá — a municipality located in the foothills of the eastern plains, facing the typical problems and needs of many small municipalities in Colombia. Despite the efforts made by the National Planning Department (DNP) in developing tools and methodologies to improve project management, there are still territorial entities that encounter difficulties related to process standardization and the development of good management practices. While it is true that these methodologies and tools have reached an advanced and robust level of maturity, small municipalities lack a culture oriented toward the adoption of good practices in project management. In the case under study, it was found that the municipality does not have standardized processes in place, and the advantages of a PMO, as outlined in the PMBOK® Guide, are largely unknown. In this regard, the objective of this project is to design a supportive PMO that complements the management model established by the DNP and is based on processes and standards aligned with the good practices in project management proposed by the PMI, considering the technical and administrative capacities of the Pajarito municipal government in Boyacá. The first phase of the project identifies the maturity level of the municipal government through both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis involves a document review and identification of the entity's current practices, while the quantitative analysis is conducted using the Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3®) Self-Assessment Method. The second and third phases involve the design of a PMO tailored to the capacities of the Pajarito municipal government, along with the creation of a proposal for its implementation.
Utilization of native potato flour in bakery products
Native potatoes have been cultivated in the Colombian Andes since pre-Hispanic times, playing a fundamental role in the diet and food culture of indigenous communities. In recent decades, interest in their conservation and utilization has reemerged due to their nutritional richness, diversity of colors, and ancestral value. In this context, the present study focused on evaluating the use of native potato purée in the preparation of a bakery product (cinnamon rolls), with the aim of exploring innovative alternatives for the utilization of this ancestral tuber. Purée from two varieties of native potato was incorporated at different substitution levels of wheat flour, analyzing its influence on physicochemical characteristics (moisture, crumb and crust color) and organoleptic properties. The results showed that a partial substitution of 29% of wheat flour with native potato purée was sensorially accepted by consumers. These findings confirm the influence of this ingredient on the final quality of the product; therefore, the incorporation of native potato in bakery formulations is not only viable from a technological and sensory perspective but also represents a strategy to recover and valorize an ancestral food, contributing to the development of innovative and sustainable products.
Review of the strategic formulation process applied in the railway sector in colombia
The academy hopes to contribute to the various organizations planning to enter the Colombian railway sector by developing a strategic formulation for a model advisory and consulting firm. This takes into account several key examples, such as the Railway Master Plan (PMF), led by the State to reactivate the sector. It is proposed that, through the application of project management tools, a strategy formulation will be achieved that will allow for effective planning. Tools such as the PESTEL model and Michael Porter's Five Competitive Forces involve external analysis (the railway sector in Colombia), while the Internal Capability Profile (ICP) tool performs an internal analysis of the model company. The expanded SWOT matrix tool is then implemented, linking the strategies required for the development of a proposed strategic plan and a Balanced Scorecard (BSC). These tools facilitate the decision-making process and, as final products of this thesis, assist in the planning of emerging organizations in the sector under study.
Antimicrobial activity evaluation of citronella essential oil and its synergy with snake venom for the control of phytopathogens in the agro-food industry
and worldwide, affecting food production and, consequently, competitiveness, food security, and food sovereignty. Infections caused by phytopathogens account for between 20% and 40% of global agricultural production losses due to plant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of citronella essential oil (AEC) and its synergistic effect with antimicrobial peptides. AEC was extracted by steam distillation and its antimicrobial activity was assessed against Pectobacterium sp. and Xanthomonas campestris using the broth microdilution assay. Different concentrations of AEC were analyzed both alone and in combination with a biofilm formulated by the research team. In addition, the antibacterial potential of AEC mixed with venoms from three snake species (Micrurus mipartitus, Micrurus dumerilii, and Bothrops asper), previously identified as sources of antibacterial compounds, was tested. The results showed that AEC has potent inhibitory activity against both bacteria, with a greater effect against X. campestris, yielding an average IC50 of 1.08 mg/mL. When AEC was combined with snake venoms, the antibacterial activity was enhanced, reaching nearly 100% inhibition against both bacteria. These findings suggest that AEC could be a promising alternative for the development of antibacterial treatments in crops.