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Physical training models for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative theoretical review
Objective. To analyze the main physical training models applied to the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from an exercise science perspective. Method. A narrative theoretical review was conducted through a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The selected literature was assessed using the SANRA scale and included studies related to continuous aerobic training, resistance training, concurrent training, interval training, and functional training. Results. The findings indicate that each training model induces specific physiological adaptations. Aerobic training improves cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic control; resistance training increases muscle mass and insulin sensitivity; concurrent training provides comprehensive benefits; and interval training optimizes metabolic efficiency. Functional training models promote exercise adherence and functional autonomy. Conclusions. There is no single optimal training model for DM2. Exercise effectiveness depends on appropriate individualization, progression, and combination of training stimuli, reinforcing physical exercise as a key therapeutic strategy in the comprehensive management of DM2.