Working Papers es una publicación creada por la Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente ECAPMA, que pretende difundir entre la comunidad académica los trabajos derivados de las actividades propias de la labor docente y/o académico-administrativa de sus miembros. Se conciben como contribuciones relevantes y enriquecedoras al conocimiento y al quehacer docente. La publicación está abierta a todas las disciplinas cultivadas en la Escuela.
Water sustainability: the intersection of conservation and social transformation
Contextualization: Water sustainability has become a crucial issue in the context of climate change and population growth. In rural areas, water management is not only an environmental challenge but also a social one. The interaction between the conservation of water resources and social transformation is vital to ensure equitable and sustainable access to water, which is essential for the health and well-being of communities (WWAP, 2018). Knowledge Gap: The lack of awareness and education about sustainable practices, the impact of climate change that alters water availability, combined with the contamination of water sources from industrial, domestic, and agricultural waste, inadequate infrastructure for water collection and distribution, social inequalities that limit equitable access, lack of monitoring on the status of water resources, and cultural resistance to changing traditional practices, highlights the need to investigate more thoroughly the connection between the conservation of water resources and social change processes in order to contribute to effective and equitable policies and practices for the conservation of this precious resource. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the interrelationship between water conservation and the social transformation of the community, seeking to identify strategies that promote sustainable use of water resources. It intends to understand how conservation initiatives can empower local communities and foster their participation in water management, thereby contributing to sustainable development and the well-being of the population. Methodology: Semi-structured interviews are conducted with community leaders and key stakeholders in water management and conservation, providing insight into current practices in water resource management, existing conservation practices, and the needs of the community. This approach fosters discussion and collective analysis. Results and Conclusions: The study results indicate that integrating water conservation with social transformation initiatives can generate significant benefits, such as empowering communities and improving the management of water resources. It is concluded that adopting a multidimensional approach that considers both environmental and social aspects is essential for achieving effective water sustainability in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Working Papers ECAPMA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identification of ecosystem services in the vegetation of cerro El Venado, Yopal municipality
Contextualization: This study focuses on quantifying and estimating ecosystem services provided by forested areas and vegetation. The scientific community has recognized that such vegetation covers offer ecosystem services (ES), which are essential for maintaining the planet's basic functions. These services include tangible and intangible benefits derived from nature, such as air quality maintenance, water purification, climate regulation, carbon capture, and food production. Ecosystem services are categorized as regulatory, provisioning, support, and cultural services, all contributing to human well-being through essential ecological processes (Ruiz, 2012; Fisher et al., 2009). Knowledge gap: There is a deficiency in knowledge concerning the local community’s awareness of their role in addressing climate change. While global awareness is growing, there is a need to empower local populations to realize that small but collective actions, such as refraining from deforestation, incorporating trees into productive systems, and making informed decisions, can collectively contribute to significant climate change mitigation. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute to climate change mitigation by quantifying carbon fixation in tree and shrub vegetation in the study area. Additionally, the research aims to highlight the importance of biodiversity, scenic beauty, and the need for forest conservation in the tutelary hills of Yopal, particularly Cerro El Venado, which improves the quality of life for Yopal's residents. Methodology: The research is conducted in six temporary plots: three in forested areas and three in silvopastoral systems. In these plots, the diameter at breast height (DBH) and total stem height of trees are measured to quantify carbon fixation. A total of 35 species in the stem stage were identified. The aboveground biomass is calculated using allometric models, with field data such as tree diameter and total height entered into the models. Results and conclusions: The results show that the forests store between 35.14-14.05 tons/ha of aboveground biomass, while silvopastoral systems store between 3.85-2.26 tons/ha. In terms of carbon dioxide, the forests sequester an average of 45.13 tons/ha, while silvopastoral systems store 3.05 tons/ha. Additionally, the study identifies the area as a biological corridor for fauna migrating between the savannah and the Andean mountain range. Scenic beauty is also emphasized, as the Cerro El Venado foothills create a microclimate that benefits the city of Yopal. The study concludes that protecting these forested areas is vital for enhancing the quality of life in Yopal.
Effect of glyphosate on the germination of Zygia longofolia seeds in the colombian amazon
Zygia longifolia contributes to the stabilization of riparian ecosystems and helps mitigate soil erosion in the Colombian Amazon, in addition to improving soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. However, it is necessary to study the effects of the herbicide glyphosate on non-target forest species, especially in regions where aerial spraying is used to eradicate illicit crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of glyphosate on the germination of Z. longifolia seeds using the paper roll technique. Seeds were soaked for 30 minutes in solutions with concentrations of 0.0; 1.8; 3.6; 5.4 and 7.2 g L⁻¹ of glyphosate acid equivalent. A quadratic reduction of 72.4% in seed vigor was observed as glyphosate doses increased from 0.0 to 7.2 g L⁻¹. No significant differences were found in the electrical conductivity test of the solution with seeds exposed to the herbicide. It was concluded that glyphosate negatively affects the germination of Z. longifolia, which has implications for its conservation and for the responsible use of herbicides in forested areas. The results highlight the importance of bioassays to understand the impact of glyphosate on forest species in the Colombian Amazon region.
FORMATION OF NUCLEI Tetragonisca angustula IN URBANPRODUCTION OF VILLAVICENCIO: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Contextualization: Tetragonisca angustula, commonly known as the angel bee, belongs to the group of stingless bees. It is a promising species of economic interest due to the quality of its honey and its attributed important medicinal properties (such as tissue regeneration). Additionally, these bees play a role in pollinating wild plants and other species cultivated by humans. However, their exploitation has often been extractive, causing damage to the bee colonies when harvested or captured to form new colonies for zootechnical purposes. Knowledge gap: Although renewable containers for the angel bee have been studied, the formation of nuclei remains a topic of controversy. Therefore, this work is conducted empirically through direct observation, seeking a solution to implement a protocol that allows for the establishment of techniques for the formation of Tetragonisca angustula nuclei and the strengthening of the population for an urban meliponary dedicated to this species. Purpose: The process of nucleus formation in the Tetragonisca angustula bee within the context of urban production in Villavicencio. The study explored factors such as habitat characteristics and the species’ adaptation to anthropized environments. Methodology: This study is an empirical investigation using the trial-and-error method and direct observation. It aims to establish patterns by comparing nuclei and internal architecture, ultimately determining a biological pattern in the architectural construction of the nucleus by meliponines. Results and conclusions: In this study, it was observed that the vessels used to establish the hive’s habitat must have a vertical structure with two cavities (upper and lower). The genetic architecture of stingless bees, such as Tetragonisca angustula, is programmed to adapt to these spaces, and the vessel acts as a protective barrier. Despite lacking a stinger, these bees neutralize aggressors at their own expense. Additionally, the importance of recycling and considering the circadian cycle when creating new nuclei is emphasized.
Design of a technologically enhanced greenhouse mediated by pollinators for UNAD-CCAV Facatativá
Contextualization: Traditional agriculture faces challenges such as low productivity, inefficient resource use, and a negative environmental impact. This has led to the need to implement sustainable and efficient agricultural production systems that take advantage of local agro-ecological conditions and promote biodiversity conservation. Studies have shown that insect-assisted pollination can increase crop yields by 20% to 40%, leading to more uniform, larger, and tastier fruits. Pollinators can also help control pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Regions such as Europe, North America, and Asia are pioneers in the use of this technique. Knowledge gap: In the Sabana de Occidente region of the department of Cundinamarca, there is no known project that implements pollination mediation in crops. Purpose: This project arises as an initiative to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of implementing this type of system under a controlled environment. The project focuses on the design of a technified greenhouse for tomato and strawberry crops mediated by pollinators at UNAD CCAV Facatativá. The greenhouse will also allow for the academic strengthening of students from the ECAPMA and ECBTI schools by providing a space for research and laboratory practices. Methodology: A mixed-method correlational research approach was used for the project development. It began with a literature search and data collection in the field. The location, size, and technical characteristics of the pollinator-mediated technified greenhouse were then defined, based on soil use parameters described in the Land Use Plan (POT) of the Municipality of Facatativá. Results and conclusions: The project achieved the 2D and 3D design of the greenhouse, the selection of the Bombus Atratus species as a pollinator, and the identification of the electronic instrumentation to monitor and control the Temperature and Humidity variables of both the greenhouse and the pollinator's hive.
Copyright (c) 2024 Working Papers ECAPMA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Promoting environmental responsibility with the integration of ecopedagogy in the Unadista curriculum
Contextualization: Currently, the environmental problem worsens day by day due to the primary behavior of human beings; the damages and consequences of the poor environmental state are becoming more disastrous (Binder, 2002). Due to this problem, there has been an interest in acting, an example of which was seen in Yokohama, Japan, a country that led the global initiative to transform the formal and non-formal educational system to enable sustainable environmental awareness (Molina, 2016). This document highlights the relevance of including ecopedagogy in the university curriculum. Currently, the widespread recognition of environmental conditions and problems is due to the collaboration of organizations and global personalities who join efforts to preserve the planet. In this context, education plays a crucial role in defining approaches, ways, and alternatives to address environmental issues. Knowledge gap: Within this context, ecological education, also known as ecopedagogy, becomes important as one of the essential foundations for building a sustainable social culture (Delgado, 2005). The review addresses the existing gap in effectively integrating ecopedagogy into the university curriculum. Although there is growing recognition of environmental problems and the importance of education in this area, there has not been sufficient exploration of how to incorporate ecopedagogical principles comprehensively and effectively into university-level academic training. Purpose: This review's main objective is to generate a perspective on the relevance of incorporating ecopedagogy into the university curriculum. This inclusion is seen as a fundamental component in building a society committed to environmental preservation. Methodology: This document is based on a qualitative and documentary approach because “The qualitative approach is guided by significant areas or themes of research. However, instead of the quality of the research questions and hypotheses preceding data collection and analysis, qualitative studies can develop hypotheses questions before, during, or after data collection and analysis. (Hernández, 2006) Often, these activities serve first to discover the most important research questions and then to refine and answer them. The inquiry action moves dynamically in both directions: between facts and their interpretation, resulting in a “circular” process where the sequence is not always the same, as it varies with each study.” (Hernández, 2006) Results and conclusions: We could conclude by relating that ecopedagogy considers that in initial teacher training models, it is necessary to include the cultivation of personal inner growth and the creative awakening of the teacher, generating a co-learning process with the student. Education is not seen as the implementation of a predetermined package of methods and materials. There must be a genuinely democratic education to enhance citizens' substantive participation in community and planetary life (Fernández, n.d.). Ecopedagogy, as emphasized by (Hargreaves, 2003), proposes the need for educational change from two interrelated parameters: expansion and deepening. The former means extending change beyond the school, towards the community, bringing it into the school to fight alongside it if the goal is to achieve better results and significant actions within it. Schools can no longer be isolated centers within their communities.
Evaluation of productive and reproductive parameters of cattle crossbred with criollo caqueteño, in a dual-purpose system, at the Vila Mery farm in the municipality of Morelia – Caquetá
Contextualization: The present research work exposes the evaluation of productive and reproductive bovine parameters of crosses with Criollo Caqueteño, in a dual-purpose system, in the Villa Mery farm in the municipality of Morelia - Caquetá, through the retrospective collection of productive and reproductive data in the farm, from the years 2018 to 2022 and the collection of new data from the beginning of the research and during the following 12 months to obtain indicators and their analysis. Finally, compare the productive parameters of the purebred Caqueteño Criollo breed with racial crosses. Knowledge gap: The Criollo Caqueteño breed is about to disappear from the herds of the department of Caquetá, since it is estimated that there are a little less than 300 specimens. It is undeniable that cattle breeders are still unaware of the qualities of adaptation, resistance, good meat conditions even with low food supply, and of course the high hardiness in the adverse conditions of the Amazon region. How do the genetics of Caqueteño Criollo cattle affect the improvement of productive and reproductive parameters when crossed with other breeds in tropical rainforest conditions in the department of Caquetá? Purpose: To evaluate productive and reproductive parameters of crossbred cattle with the Criollo Caqueteño breed, in a dual-purpose system, in the Villa Mery farm in the municipality of Morelia - Caquetá. Methodology: The present study was carried out on the Villa Mery farm in the municipality of Morelia - Caquetá, through the retrospective collection of productive and reproductive data in the farm, from 2018 to 2022 and the collection of new data from the beginning of the research and during the following 12 months to obtain indicators and their analysis. The methodology is given under a systemic approach, through the analysis of the subsystems (Population, Reproduction, and Production), in that sense, an approach that allows a comparative analysis per year and a lot is proposed, allowing the conclusions to improve the decision making of the owners of the Villa Mery farm regarding the vision of this genetic resource. Results and conclusions: The Pure Caqueteño Criollo Caqueteño cattle lot is an important genetic resource that can be used as leverage in crossbreeding with zebu and taurine breeds, offering the opportunity to improve technical indicators, both productive and reproductive in the Caqueteño region.
Hydrological dynamics of the upper Magdalena river basin. Case study: Timana river basin, Colombia
Contextualization: Water resource management is crucial to ensure the availability and quality of water for multiple uses, including human supply, agriculture, industry, and environmental conservation. This integrated approach involves the implementation of policies, technologies and practices that promote equity in access to water, efficiency, protection of aquatic ecosystems and mitigation of risks related to scarcity, pollution and extreme weather events. Knowledge gap: Effective management of water resources in tropical regions has become increasingly critical due to the complexity of climatic and geographic factors. In this context, accurate prediction of peak flows is essential to mitigate flood risks and ensure water security. Purpose: This study evaluates the hydrological dynamics of the Timaná river basin, located in the upper Magdalena river basin. Methodology: The comprehensive methodology employed encompasses (1) determination of the morphometric and physiographic characteristics of the basin, (2) hydro-climatic characterization and (3) estimation of maximum flows from hydrological modeling using the HEC-HMS software for design rainfall in different return periods and extreme events. Results and Conclusions: The results demonstrate the usefulness of HEC-HMS in modeling peak flows in the basin, providing valuable information for decision making in water management and the design of hydraulic and drainage works. The study highlights the model's ability to accurately simulate extreme precipitation events and forecast the hydrological response, specifically in terms of peak flows. This work not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of hydrology in Colombian watersheds, but also highlights the usefulness of advanced tools such as HEC-HMS in complex geographic and climatic environments, providing a solid basis for the development of the model.
Estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus in leachate from agricultural soils with high saturation of exchangeable magnesium
Contextualization: The quantification of chemical parameters in the leachate provides technical information for the state of soil health in the face of nutrient loss, therefore, these results are part of the institutional research management of the UNAD in the project called “Effect of amendments and nitrogen fertilization on sugarcane productivity in soil conditions of Valle del Cauca with high saturation of exchangeable Mg+2. Knowledge gap: In the problem of agricultural soils with a tendency to salinity and high saturation of exchangeable magnesium (Mg+2), the productivity of crops such as sugar cane is limited, and this is how questions are raised about the lack of knowledge of some interactions. of chemical properties of leachates that could contribute to soil management; In this sense, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are 2 of the most limiting nutrients in sugarcane cultivation systems and their available forms, therefore, a question associated with this problem is: could they be lost through leaching in the soil with different management of amendments? Purpose: Laboratory determination of the amounts of nitrates and phosphates in leachates from soils with high saturation of exchangeable magnesium to define the agronomic management of different amendments. Methodology: In soils from Valle del Cauca, soil samples were used with doses and applications of agricultural amendments (calcium sulfate and cachaça compost. The estimation of forms of nitrogen (nitrates) and phosphorus (phosphates) was carried out by colorimetric determination in a time 5-week monitoring. Results and conclusions: The nitrates and phosphates in the leachates were obtained in soils without the application of amendments; Treatments with cachaça compost determined the lowest losses of phosphates. Keywords: nitrates, phosphates, soil salinity, sugar cane 55
Development of a cilantro crop (Coriandrum sativum) in an automated aeroponic system
Contextualization: Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is an annual, herbaceous herb, of the Apiaceae or Umbellifera family, it has a taproot with secondary roots, its stems are straight, it has compound leaves, white flowers and aromatic fruits, it has an average height of 40 to 60 cm, Coriandrum sativum L is its scientific name, where the word Coriandrum “derives from the Greek word “Koris” which means bug (insect), in reference to the smell given off by the immature fruit of the young plant” (García, 2002, p.20), and its specific name Sativum, means that it is a cultivated plant, it currently receives other common names such as; Coriander, Chinese parsley, Arabian parsley and coriander, its origin is very little known but it is considered native to southeastern Europe and northern Africa. The main Coriander producing countries are India, Russia, Morocco, Mexico, Romania, Argentina, Iran and Pakistan. The main importing countries are Germany, the United States, Sri Lanka and Japan, according to Reliance Spot Exchange (2011) cited in Arizio et al. (2011) “India is the world's leading producer and consumer. Aeroponics is a cultivation technique in which plants grow in the air without using soil. This agricultural method has several advantages, such as; the maximum use of the water resource, less time in production, focused management of pests and diseases, which allows a decrease in the use of agrochemicals among others, currently an automated prototype was implemented under this technique as an object of study, using Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) as a species of great commercial, culinary and medicinal importance. The word Aeroponics comes from the Greek terms “aero” and “ponos” which means air and work. This technique is an aspect of hydroponics, where the process consists of growing 46 plants in an aerial, closed environment, without using the soil, by supplying nutrient solutions to the roots through a mist or microspray irrigation system. According to the International Society for Soil-less Culture, Aeroponics is a system where the roots are exposed, continuously or discontinuously, to an environment saturated with fine droplets of a nutrient solution. (Arano C.R., 1990, cited by Dávila & Santos 2014). Aeroponics dates to the 1940s and one of the first investigations on the subject corresponds to the scientist Walter Carter (1942) in his book “A method of growing plants in water vapor to facilitate examination of roots.” water to facilitate the examination of the roots, where he exposes a theory regarding the growth of plants in an aerial environment. The first aeroponic system was developed by Dr. Franco Massantini at the University of Pia (Italy), which allowed him to create so-called "crop columns". A cultivation column consists of a cylinder of PVC, or other materials, placed in a vertical position, with perforations in the side walls, through which the plants are introduced at the time of transplanting. (Durán, Martínez, & Navas, 2000). Knowledge gap: Agriculture has become a fundamental task not only in our country, but in the entire world, since it depends on it to ensure the future food of humanity, for this reason there have been alternatives which have focused on improving the agricultural production promoting soil conservation, watersheds and above all the preservation of biodiversity, therefore, the development and efficient transformation of the agricultural sector is necessary, through planting techniques that allow improving production indicators, maintaining plants healthy, minimize the water requirement, which is one of the main advantages of Aeroponics, since a lower water requirement is designated for each square meter, and when they are used commercially, they only use a tenth of the water necessary with other cultivation methods to grow the crop as cited in (Hernández et al., 2013, p 20) therefore and referring to the above, the same does not happen in traditional crops, because "the water that does not It goes directly to the roots of the plant, it is absorbed by the soil or simply evaporated later” (Rocha et al.,2017 p 134). Therefore, it can be stated that through this innovative technique, water savings of over 80% can be obtained with respect to the total water used during irrigation time. Colombia is a country that largely depends on agriculture as part of its economic progress, therefore, implementing the Automated Aeroponic system allows obtaining a model with the desired characteristics of the crop, in this case Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) the which aims to demonstrate a useful, safe, ecological, sustainable and quality production style to face major economic challenges and, above all, as an efficient resource for food security and in this way have more participation and competitiveness compared to other countries in the world. On the other hand, the development of agriculture worldwide is constant, the population growth of recent decades has influenced the development of new, more efficient production modalities that contribute to the food sustainability generated by the high demand for food. The FAO estimates (2017) that “to meet demand in 2050, agriculture will have to produce almost 50% more food, fodder and biofuel than it did in 2012” (p.21) Therefore, it has been opted to carry out intensive agriculture on large areas of land, depleting the soil and facing other problems such as pests and diseases that are generated and spread periodically and very quickly, which leads to the implementation of the uncontrolled use of agrochemicals that not only affect the soil. , but the environment and therefore the health of human beings. As pressure increases on already scarce land and water resources, the agri-food sector must look for ways to reduce its ecological footprint, which encompasses greenhouse gas emissions, water use, food waste, and its effects on soil health, ecosystem services and biodiversity. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2017, p.37) Having said the above and currently, Aeroponics has become a source of study and research by universities, private companies, and public entities, which has allowed them to show their progress through articles, reports, videos, about this production system. and in this way counteract some problems mentioned above. Furthermore, Martínez, P. (2016) concludes in his article “Aeroponics as a sustainable, profitable and inclusive cultivation method in Bogotá D.C, Colombia”, that Aeroponics according to the results of the matrices carried out and the cost-benefit relationship at an urban level versus to traditional cultivation, it presents great advantages on a sustainable level even above hydroponics since natural resources are not compromised and impacted by the practice, helping to preserve and conserve ecosystems, in addition to saving with its own system through nutrient recycling and timed irrigation system. Purpose: Detail the development of a Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum) Cultivation in an Automated Aeroponic System, likewise, make a comparison between this system and another traditional one under local agroecological conditions and therefore demonstrate the functioning of both systems. Methodology: The project methodology was based on observation. and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, which provide information about the behavior of the plants in the aeroponic system and in the same way of cultivation in soil, so that we can detail exemplary characteristics. throughout their entire production cycle, therefore carried out a comparative analysis of the development and growth of the Coriander plants (Coriandrum sativum) in the two systems of agricultural production. Results and conclusions: During the development of Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) plants in soil, results were obtained such as the period for germination, color before, during and after the process, final height of the plants for harvest, total weight of aerial biomass and time productive cycle and external and internal factors that could affect the development of plants. In the aeroponic system, both qualitative and quantitative results were obtained, such as, for example, the final gain of aerial biomass, final average height, taking the square meter as a reference, the production cycle time, the color of the plants and external factors that may interfere with the development of the specimens. To conclude, in the aeroponic system the plants had better performance, greater weight in foliage, shorter productive cycle, greater height compared to a traditional system in soil, on the other hand, in what corresponds to other factors such as time, percentage and quantity of germinated seeds, there was no major difference in both procedures.
Ultrasound findings in feline lower urinary tract disease (F.L.U.T.D)
Let's contextualize. Feline lower urinary tract disease known as FLUTD, is the set of clinical symptoms associated with disorders of the bladder and urethral mucosa of the feline patient associated with feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC), urolithiasis, bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI), bladder wall neoplasia and neurological disorders. Abdominal ultrasound is one of the most used diagnostic methods in pathologies related to the urinary tract, which allows us to clearly observe the renal structure, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which would indicate in a non-invasive way if the patient presented some abnormality in your urinary tract. Knowledge gap. Being a disease caused by different pathologies that are characterized by presenting similar clinical signs, it is necessary to know by means of the most used diagnostic method, which is abdominal ultrasound, the most common hallmarks to detect the main cause and thus an effective treatment for our feline patients. Purpose from the studio. Identify and characterize the most common echographic hallmarks in FLUTD of patients who entered the ultrasound diagnostic service at the CUV clinic in the city of Ibagué, from May 9th to September 9th, 2022. Methodology for obtaining ultrasound images of the felines that entered the clinic with symptoms of FLUTD to organize them accordingly to the most common echographic hallmarks, denoting the differences and structural similarities between patients. The images were obtained using the Mindray DP-20 portable equipment, using a linear probe up to 10 Mhz and a microconvex probe up to 8.5 Mhz. Results and conclusions. The most evident echographic hallmark was the presence of non-mineralized sediment in 10 cases (35.7%); Secondly, there are other anatomical variations, (Non-mineralized sediment with thickening of the bladder wall; Presence of mixed sediment and floccules; Solo mixed sediment; And mixed sediment with thickening of the bladder wall and floccules), each of these with 3 cases (10.7%). The least common hallmarks are: Non-mineralized sediment with an increase in the thickness of the bladder wall and the presence of free content; Non-mineralized sediment with fibrin hila; Urethral dilation; There is the presence of mixed sediment with increase in the thickness of the bladder wall, each with 1 case (3.5%) of the total number of patient veins.
Assessment of the effect of herbicides on soil microbial populations
Contextualization: Soil fertility is influenced by a complex interaction of physical (such as density, structure, and porosity), chemical (including soil activity), and chemical (including soil activity) characteristics. (such as density, structure and porosity), chemical (including the activity of clays, oxide-reduction potentials of clays, oxidation-reduction potentials and the presence of organic matter), and biological and biological (including microorganisms of the microflora and microfauna, as well as meso- and macrofauna, as well as meso- and macrofauna). These interactions are fundamental to the availability of plant nutrients. availability of nutrients to plants. However, microorganisms play a crucial role, as they have the ability to modify both the biochemical aspects and the biochemical aspects, such as enzyme production, which contributes significantly to plant fertility. significantly to their fertility. For this reason, it is essential to know and monitoring the status of microorganisms in the soil is essential. Knowledge gap: the true damage caused by herbicides on the microbial population is not known, this affect the degradation of organic matter on soil, limited development of life of these organisms, therefore, fertility is affected. Purpose: The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of herbicide mixture application on microbial populations in a rice (Oryza sativa L.) production system Methodology: Soil treated with a mixture of herbicides Clethodim, Carfentrazone ethyl and glyphosate is analyzed, activity is determined by microbial basal respiration in mg of CO2, microbial growth on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plate. Results and conclusions: It was determined that the soils treated with Cletodim, Carfentrazona ethyl and glyphosate herbicide mixture decrease the microbial population in PDA plate, their soils with application of herbicide mixture (SH) obtained an average of 6 CFU/g soil and an area of growth of 62 cm2. Compared to the control soil without the application of herbicides (STSH) 30 CFU/g soil and 70 cm2. Regarding basal microbial respiration in mg of CO2 in response to the herbicide, respiration in the SH increased 3.7 in mg C-CO2 kg-1dry soil day-1 at 5 days after application (DAA) and 5.1 in mg C-CO2 kg-1dry soil day-1 at 15 daa. This is because the microorganisms try to synthesize the herbicide molecules, thus increasing their activity.
Evaluation of the incidence of Phytophthora spp. in cocoa clones, with applications of Trichoderma spp. in the municipality of Algeciras, Huila
Contextualization: Cocoa in Colombia is a crop of relevance not only for its economic factor, but also for its social and environmental setting; according to the Governor's Office of Huila (2022) it is estimated that cocoa in Huila is the livelihood of about 3,300 families, with approximately 7,000 hectares planted. Regarding the phytosanitary management of this crop, the disease caused by Phytophthora spp. stands out as one of the most limiting diseases for production (Rodríguez y Vera, 2015). Knowledge gap: In Colombia there is little research on the relationship between clones and the development of the Phytophthora spp. disease, so this type of study is urgently required around influence of the project, so research advances have been made in clones by Agrosavia, but in other regions of the country. Purpose: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of Phytophthora spp. in cocoa clones, with applications of Trichoderma sp. in environmental conditions of the department of Huila, to contribute to the research line in agricultural biotechnology. Methodology: Evaluation parameters were used for incidence and severity of Phytophthora spp. in 10 cocoa clones: EET 8, TSH 565, SCC 61, ICS 1, ICS 95, HIBRIDO, IMC 67, ICS 39, ICS 60 and CCN 51: T1: (Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma atroviridae, Trichoderma harzianum). Presentation wettable powder PW. T2: (Trichoderma viride) liquid presentation concentrated suspension SC. T3: Control, without any application; in two periods of production phase I (13, 20 and 27 December) and phase II (14, 21 and 28 May). Results and conclusions: It is concluded that the effects on Phytophthora spp. respond to the combination of the susceptibility of the plant material used and the action of Trichoderma sp. on the cocoa crop. In phase II there is a significant difference between the control and the powder treatment, compared to the liquid treatment, the latter being the one that exerts better control over the disease.
Advances and perspectives in the characterization of elite cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.) for the conservation of biodiversity in the municipality of Ibague, Tolima
Contextualization: Cocoa is a valuable and versatile crop that has proven to be beneficial in various aspects, including combating illicit crop cultivation, sustained product yield, rural poverty reduction, and biodiversity conservation in regions. Knowledge Gap: Ibagué, Tolima, is known for its cocoa trees with unique attributes. However, the lack of knowledge in the identification and evaluation of these varieties has driven an exhaustive bibliographic review to address this situation. Purpose: The characterization of elite cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) is crucial for genetic improvement and the development of cocoa varieties with desirable traits, such as disease resistance, crop yield, and grain quality. Characterization involves the detailed assessment of various phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the trees to identify those exhibiting superior traits. The primary objective of the study titled "Advancements and Perspectives in the Characterization of Elite Cocoa Trees in Ibagué, Tolima" is to provide stakeholders in the cocoa sector of the region with descriptors for the characterization of elite cocoa trees, aiming to enable the selection of promising varieties, enhance quality, and improve yield. Methodology: To achieve this objective, it becomes necessary to implement a methodology based on the bibliographic review of both primary and secondary sources related to the characterization of elite cocoa trees with aroma and flavor at both the national and specifically in the Ibagué, Tolima region.
Gastrointestinal parasites with zoonotic potential in owned canines attending in the veterinary clinic UDES-Valledupar
Contextualization: Gastrointestinal parasites are common in dogs and can pose a risk to public health due to their potential transmission to humans. These parasites present a challenge in veterinary medicine because of the severe clinical signs in infected dogs. Knowledge Gap: stemming from the need for continuous and diversified studies in different canine populations to better understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and their impact on public health. Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to analyze the prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in dogs treated at a specific veterinary clinic (UDES). The study aims to identify the present parasites and their potential to affect public health. Methodology: The study was carried out using a descriptive cross-sectional approach, involving the collection and analysis of canine fecal samples to determine the presence of parasites. The techniques used were incorporated into Excel and the SPSS program. Results and Conclusions: The results revealed a prevalence of 38.2% of gastrointestinal parasites in the studied dogs, with 30.9% of these parasites potentially being zoonotic. Nematodes, such as Toxocara canis and Anquilostomas spp., were the most prominent in terms of zoonosis. The need for further studies, including different populations of dogs, is emphasized, and the implementation of One Health approaches is suggested to effectively address the diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of these parasites.
Copyright (c) 2023 Working Papers ECAPMA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bovina colombiana animal welfare in the colombian bovine meat chain
Contextualization: According to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), animal welfare is a multifactorial science, which includes scientific, cultural, ethical, economic and political aspects. Since 1995, the OIE has supported member countries in the adoption of guidelines for the application of the BA, so that Latin American countries have developed their own laws and guidelines in order to integrate the concepts of both international studies and those carried out in conditions specific to each territory. Research gap: It is necessary to know the impact of animal welfare in the bovine meat chain in Colombia, to investigate what research in the area has achieved in our country. Purpose of the study: The following document aims to contextualize the links of the bovine meat chain in Colombia, where a discussion will be held on the most important aspects in each of the stages that comprise them, in this way it seeks to visualize what research has achieved in the field of animal welfare, in order to show the importance of implementing this concept. Methodology: Exploration of secondary sources of information, with reference to relevant updates in the area of animal welfare and its impact on the bovine meat chain in Colombia. Results and conclusions: scientific research in the area has been giving information about the problems that currently arise, along with clear solutions to them, in order to achieve optimal production. Therefore, it is essential to continue investigating the impact of applications of good animal welfare practices in the logistics chain.
Evaluación de productos Químicos y Biológico para Combatir la Antracnosis en Guanábana (Annona muricata L.) provocada por Colletotrichum spp.
In several municipalities in Colombia, the cultivation of soursop is of great importance. The pulp of this fruit is highly valued in large-scale production due to its considerable volume and distinctive flavor. However, its production faces various phytosanitary challenges that have an economic impact, one of the main ones being anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which affects both the fruit and floral and foliar tissue. Therefore, the present study is focused on evaluating biological and chemical products for the control of anthracnose in soursop (Annona muricata L.), caused by the fungus (Colletotrichum spp.). To do this, a study was carried out in the municipality of La Plata, Huila, in the Cabuyal village on the Madrigal farm. In the study, the effect of two chemically synthesized fungicides, commercially known as Antrasin and Skuper, and a biological fungicide called Rhapsody were examined, and a control group without fungicide application was included. The development of this research was carried out using a technified crop with emphasis on good agricultural practices, which include a fertilization plan, integrated weed control, and integrated pest and disease management. The study was carried out in experimental units, applying foliar treatments to 132 trees distributed in four plots. Variables such as the proportions of disease impact, both in severity and prevalence, were analyzed, i.e., the effectiveness of each intervention in controlling anthracnose was examined. For each intervention, a completely randomized block experimental design (BCA) with eight iterations was used. The data obtained wre tabulated and complete descriptive statistics were applied for analysis. The most relevant results indicated that the biological product Rhapsody stands out as the most efficient in controlling the presence of the disease in the plantations, achieving an efficacy level of 58.7%. This demonstrates an effective management capacity over the pathogenic fungus.
Análisis sobre la incidencia de harina de sacha inchi (plukenetia volubilis l.) en los parámetros productivos de pollos de engorde en el departamento del cauca
Under conditions of the municipality of Popayan, department of Cauca, an analytical, quantitative study with a completely randomized design was carried out with two comparative tests corresponding to two stages of experimentation to evaluate the effects of the percentage of inclusion of Sacha Inchi (plukenetia volubis L.) flour in the Cobb 500-line broiler diet. In the first trial, 4 treatments were evaluated with different inclusion levels of Sacha Inchi cake (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) applied to chickens in the starter stage for twelve (12) days. And in the second trial, 3 treatments were evaluated with different levels of inclusion of Sacha Inchi cake, (0%, 5%, 10%) applied to chickens in the finishing stage for twenty-one (21) days. To meet the proposed objective, the productive parameters Feed consumption, Weight gain and Feed conversion were analyzed, using descriptive statistics in the initiation stage, it is observed that as the percentage of inclusion of the Sacha Inchi cake flour increases, food consumption decreases, the marked loss of appetite in these diets is due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors in the protein, mainly expressed by tannins. In the finishing stage, to counteract the effect of anti-nutritional factors, baking was carried out at 102ºC for twenty minutes, it was observed that there was a significant improvement in consumption in relation to the initiation stage. Regarding weight gain, it was determined that in both trials as the inclusion of Sacha Inchi Cake (SIC) increases, weight gain decreases, seeing that the decrease in weight gain is more noticeable in the stage of ending. Regarding the feed conversion in the initiation stage, it is inferred that as the inclusion percentage of SIC flour increases, the feed conversion increases, in the same way in the completion stage. The results obtained made it possible to identify that the percentage inclusion of Sacha Inchi Cake flour up to 10% pre-baked and unbaked in the initiation and completion stages of broilers does not present mortality rates, that the inclusion at levels of more than 10 % if it negatively affects the productive parameters evaluated, of the two trials, the treatments with the pre-baked Sacha Inchi cake present a reduction of tannins, but it is not total. Future research should be carried out to analyze the use of Sacha Inchi flour in other species of livestock interest, specifically in polygastric species, taking into account the possibility that these species may have a better assimilation of this protein complex present in Sacha Inchi (plukenetia volubis L.).
System of numbering for bovines with the purpose of showing age and sex
Contextualization: The numbering nomenclature for bovine specimens is developed under the use of computer science concepts, for the adaptation of information and communication technologies (ICT) in zootechnics within precision livestock. Knowledge gap: This methodology will provide sustainable management, helping the producer to reduce investment costs in technology, contributing to the implementation of livestock production and animal welfare, establishing that technology helps to simplify traditional management. Purpose: Develop a numbering nomenclature that can be integrated into precision farming, taking into account the rise of the digital age, in order to know the age and sex of each specimen individually, giving a technological tool to the current zootechnician. Methodology: The nomenclature methodology for numbering new bovine exemplary births was applied, to show age and sex, this numbering system was carried out through the use of tattoos and hot iron, what is different is the nomenclature of the number to be used, since it was developed by a 4-digit algorithm where each part of them corresponds to a qualitative non-computational logical sequence, led to establish a number as identification of a specimen according to the date of birth and its sex. This was carried out in the department of Vichada, which is in technological isolation; it is a department that has extensive plains and soils suitable for agriculture and livestock that are promising for all types of precision agricultural management. Results and conclusions: With this research, the management of ICT will be ventured, obtaining detailed information of the bovine specimens that will help decision-making in the different traditional and precision livestock systems, in addition, the information acquired digitally will be systematized for an adequate use and better control.
Effects of dietary inclusion of babassu by-products on ruminal metabolism of sheep and on the chemical composition of milk and meat produced by cattle: a brief overview in the brazilian context
Contextualization: Currently, there has been a constant demand for feedstuffs that can replace those traditionally used (soybean and corn) in the market in the nutrition of farm animals. Thus, several studies have been conducted, exploring alternative feedstuffs. One of those is the fruit of the babassu palm, which generates several by-products with potential use in ruminant feeding. Knowledge gap: There is a need for greater knowledge on the composition and biological effects of by-products derived from the babassu fruit on ruminant nutrition. Purpose: The present study aimed to review the literature to present findings related to the effects of the inclusion of by-products from the babassu fruit on ruminal parameters and ingestive behavior of sheep, as well as the quality of milk and meat of cattle. Methodology: A literature review was carried out, summarizing the main references in relation to the effects of the inclusion of by-products from the babassu fruit on the nutrition and product quality of sheep and cattle. Results and conclusions: The review revealed that babassu by-products have nutritional characteristics compatible with feedstuffs conventionally used in ruminant nutrition. The most abundant babassu by-product in the studies was FMB (babassu mesocarp bran), which is rich in starch and widely used in sheep and cattle nutrition. The present review also revealed that the inclusion of babassu by-products should be done with caution in ruminant diets, but these can confer desirable characteristics to beef and milk of cattle.
Endoparasitoses in domestic canines and feline in the UDES Valledupar veterinary clinic
We contextualize the link between animals and humans that favors the appearance of zoonotic diseases such as parasitic infections. Hemoparasites are among the main challenges in clinical veterinary medicine, due to the serious clinical signs they cause in infected dogs and cats. What clinical signs can occur? Can a clinical examination solve these problems? Hemoparasites are among the main challenges in clinical veterinary medicine, due to the serious clinical signs they cause in infected dogs and cats. With the objective of determining the prevalence of vector-borne diseases and gastrointestinal parasitosis in canines and felines, by reviewing the clinical records of patients who arrived at the UDES Campus Valledupar veterinary clinic. The present work has as methodology; During the years 2019 and 2020, a retrospective descriptive study was carried out, where information was collected from the medical history of 95 canines and 12 domestic felines such as: breed, age, sex, weight, symptoms and clinical signs, as well as data from the blood count and coprological examination. The results obtained determined that the prevalence of parasitic diseases was 34.57%, the most frequent parasites in hematological and coprological examinations were Anaplasma spp, Eimeria spp, and Ancylostoma spp; Therefore, it is necessary to implement health education actions for the community, developing deworming, control and prevention plans, making adequate use of antiparasitic drugs and reducing environmental contamination, whether in free-living dogs and cats or with owners.
The new regulatory context of the Guadua/bamboo production chain in Colombia
The issuance of Law 2206 of May 17, 2022 "whereby the productive use of bamboo and bamboo and its environmental sustainability in the national territory is encouraged", the recognition by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR) of the bamboo/guadua productive chain, through Decree 009 of January 25, 2021, the issuance of Decree 690 of June 24, 2021 "Whereby the Sole Regulatory Decree 1076 of 2015 is added and modified, of the Environment and Sustainable Development sector, in relation to the sustainable management of wild flora and non-timber forest products", together with the provisions of Decree 1740 of October 24, 2016 "Whereby general guidelines are established for the management, harvesting and establishment of bamboo and bamboo groves", generate great challenges and challenges that merit an analysis of the new regulatory context of this sector of the national economy, present throughout the territory. The normative analysis carried out in this work included a systematic review of the commitments of public and private entities, ONGs, citizens, educational institutions, and territorial entities, so that, in an interinstitutional and interdisciplinary work, the productive chain can be consolidated from the local to the global level. The results reveal the importance of the active participation of civil society over the years in the formulation of the policy to publicize the conditions for the establishment and sustainable use of guadua/bamboo in the national territory, highlighting its importance and transcendence.
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Evaluation of two treatments based on garlic (Allium sativum), in comparison to a commercial antiparasitic (Albendazole), for controlling gastro-intestinal parasites in lactating calves
Contextualization: In the department of Caquetá, the main economical activity has been livestock and, precisely, one of the main problems in lactating calves is the presence of parasitic diseases since it can cause health problems to them, but specially a decrease in productive indicators, and therefore economic losses for the farmer. Knowledge gap: There are hundreds of commercial drugs on the market for the treatment of gastrointestinal parasites, but there is a possibility that they create resistance to those products; in addition, the final consumer will not have the certainty of consuming safe and quality products. That is why it is necessary to explore other alternatives that be effective for controlling parasites and that do not accumulate toxic waste; also, that be friendly to the environment and economically accessible to farmers. Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of two treatments with inclusion of garlic [Allium sativum] in different concentrations [5 % and 10 %] [Albendazole 25 %] as a deworming control method in lactating calves, and also to compare the costs of its implementation respect to a conventional chemical treatment. Methodology: The inclusion of garlic, in different percentages, was evaluated as a deworming method in lactating calves from Hacienda La María, in the municipality of San José del Fragua. We worked with 15 calves distributed in 3 groups and treatments as follows: Treatment I with a 5% of garlic, Treatment II with a 10% of garli c, and finally Treatment III with a 25% of Albendazole. The statistical analysis of the variables was done through a completely randomized design. Results and conclusions: The inclusion of garlic orally, in percentages of 5 % and 10 %, did not show any therapeutic and statistical efficacy versus the treatment with Albendazole at 25 %. The three treatments [Garlic at 5 %, Garlic at 10 %, and Albendazole at 25 %] were not efficient for controlling eggs of the genera Coccidea, Strongylidae and Trichistrongylus
Solid waste and community in urban rivers: case section 2 Fucha river – Bogotá D.C – Colombia
Results and conclusions: After collecting and analyzing the above information, it was possible for us to identify on the riverbank ten critical points of accumulation of mixed solid waste which are generated for two reasons: First, Community Inadequate Practices (non-separation at the source, delivery of waste at non-established hours and payment to highwaymen for the final disposal of special waste. On the other hand, the social problem to the persistence of homeless people in abandoned public spaces. Finally, we were concluded that the recovery of public space and green areas are essential actions for the rehabilitation of the Fucha river ring, in turn, generate solidarity actions that strengthen the connectivity between the river and the community, aiming at the appropriation by the territory and the identification of the river as a source of life.
Construction and Demolition Wastes (CDW)
Animal production systems (aps) and environment relationship and interactions
Contextualization: Animal Production Systems (APS) have a direct influence on environment, through the generation of liquid and solid wastes, release of gases into the atmosphere, demand for hydric resources, expansion of the border agriculture and the impact on biodiversity, among others. On other hand, environment is a APS characteristics determining factor. Relationships between environment and APS are dynamic and permanent. Knowledge gap: Is necessary recognize in greater detail impacts of APS on environment, the influence of environment on APS, and importance of design and establish sustainable APS in suitable areas. Purpose: Analyse relationship between Animal Production Systems (SPA) and environment, through of documentary sources review. Methodology: Review of secondary sources of information, of updated references on this area of ​​knowledge and high regional impact. Results and conclusions: Livestock production should be developed from a sustainable approach, taking into account the effects of climate change, seeking to mitigate the impact of livestock activity on the environment and taking into account the determining effect of the environment on characteristics of APS.
Mountain microorganisms, an alternative for the biofertilization of agricultural crops
(a) Contextualization: Mountain microorganisms (MM) are found in the organic matter of little intervened soils, this means soils that have received few chemical treatments, that have not been incinerated constantly and/or subjected to agricultural production processes such as extensive livestock or monocultures. These soils, without intervening over time, allow the preservation of microfauna, bacteria, and fungi, which in turn managed to accelerate the regeneration of organic matter and the degradation of toxic substances and thus preserve the physicochemical characteristics of the soil that make it make them more fertile and productive. (b) Knowledge gap: Although the result of different investigations demonstrates the efficiency of Mountain Microorganisms as a biofertilizer in different agricultural crops, there is no scientifically characterized documentation or database on the subject. For this reason, the documentary study of mountain microorganisms becomes a potential scientific and technological wealth. (c) Purpose: This literature review is carried out to recognize experiences related to the application of mountain microorganisms (MM) as a sustainable alternative to produce different types of crops. (d) Methodology: A systematic review is made of the research carried out regarding mountain microorganisms, especially in Latin America and Colombia. It is based on the review of different databases, on scientific studies carried out on this subject, and from there the advances in the use of mountain microorganisms as an alternative for biofertilization in agricultural crops were determined. (e) Results and conclusions: Se has found in a general way that the use of mountain microorganisms (MM) as biofertilizers in agricultural crops, not only allows a positive impact on the environment, but also manages to make agriculture a sustainable activity, producing organic food with greater biomass and making production more efficient.
Seed quality Evaluation of Sacha inchi specie (Plukenetia volubilis L.)
Contextualization: Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia Volubilis L.) has a high nutritional level; it also has a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially Omega 3, making the cultivation of this species very promising. Our country has several natives species in places like Orino-Amazonia and Pacific; There are place that reported the specie as a crop like Chocó, Putumayo, Caquetá, Amazonas, Tolima and Cundinamarca (Karisma, 2015, p.3). Knowledge gap: There are few investigations related to this specie. It identified that the unevenness in planting is associated with a hard seed coat, this being a limiting factor, which is why it is necessary to carry out this study. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of two types of Sacha inchi seed, a commercial seed from the area and another one from producers in Anolaima (Cundinamarca). Methodology: It applies seed quality evaluation parameters according to the International Standards for Seed Testing (ISTA) and uses two scarification methods. Results and conclusions: The Anolaima farmer's seed has a greater precocity and germination. It requires mechanical abrasion scarification and imbibition for 24 hours.
Analysis of lighting risks in study positions of distance education students
Contextualization The environmental risks present in the different academic activities have been changing due to the incorporation of new technologies and study methodologies, causing them to appear in environments that were not designed to carry out these activities, such as lighting, a critical and fundamental factor for the academic development. knowledge gap It is unknown if distance education students present lighting risks in the area where they work and/or study within their homes. study purpose Based on the above and due to the complexity that the pandemic brought to adapt the home into permanent recreation, work and study areas, this research emerged that seeks to identify the risk of lighting in the study areas of distance higher education students. Methodology For the development of the present study, we worked with a non-probabilistic sample of 329 distance university education students, who had knowledge in Safety and Health at Work. A section of the lighting evaluation technical guide was applied as an information collection tool developed by the INSST of Spain; based on this mobile application was used to measure the lighting in the workplace during the morning, afternoon and night hours. Results and conclusions It was found that 35% of the students have exclusive study areas, 74% perceive that the lighting levels are optimal for carrying out these activities, 30% of them state that they have problems associated with tiredness and visual fatigue, and at use and analyze light levels, it was shown that on average only 30% of respondents have optimal lighting levels to carry out this activity according to the standard.
Vegetable coverage in scattered trees located in agricultural properties of the road corredor Bogotá – Villavicencio
Contextualization: Trees scattered in rural and agricultural properties and in areas belonging to strategic ecosystems, fulfill functions of great ecological relevance, serving as a basis for improving connectivity between forest and vegetation patches of different successional stages. Knowledge gap: While it is true, the expansion of the agricultural frontier for the establishment of productive activities, has in certain cases generated ecosystem fragmentation, it has also led to the presence of patches and remaining arboreal individuals of native and exotic species, leading to a new ecological configuration of the territory, which must be studied for the correct planning of rural areas with an integral vision and under sustainability approaches. Purpose: his study made it possible to analyze the vegetation cover of trees scattered in rural properties with productive and agricultural functions in 32 farms located in the municipalities of Chipaque, Cáqueza, Quetame and Guayabetal, zone of influence of the Bogotá - Villavicencio road corridor, with a view to establishing the plant diversity and cover of tree species. Methodology: Eight (8) rural properties with agricultural activities were selected for each of the municipalities. The information was collected directly in the field from measurements of areas, coverages and floristic inventories in each of the selected properties, determining the diversity and representativeness in terms of coverage, abundance and frequency. Results and conclusions: The farms studied have a diversity of native forest species, which outnumber exotic forest species by almost four times; however, the ecological dominance of the latter has a significant ecological impact as a result of their large-scale use and, therefore, a gradual displacement of ancestral, cultural and traditional knowledge of native plants and trees.
Environmental interpretation as a strategy in enviromental education with schoolchildren of primary basic studies at the Agape reserve of the municipality of Leticia (Amazonas)
This document is the result of a work, whose objective was to sensitize students of primary school in grades 4 and 5 of the municipality of Leticia (Amazonas) through the environmental interpretation strategy, on the concept of the environment and the importance of preserving it. Through the strategy of environmental interpretation that has its basis in a script prepared previously for each path, which included conceptual and metaphorical content, children were sensitized; the activity included sensory experiences, of play, activities of preservation, conservation, that would allow to strengthen their knowledge, allowing the construction of environmental values seeking to generate new patterns of behavior in the face of the environment and modify behavior patterns. It was concluded that this type of environmental interpretation activities, which includes the participation of all senses in accessible open spaces, allows to generate the curiosity of children to know and explore, beyond their formal classroom knowledge. It is evident that it is not enough to know about environmental problems if it is not known in reality; beyond the knowledge that can be achieved in conventional classrooms.
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